From 219ab7c2c350c4893cea57ba2fa81438680a5cdf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rr- <rr-@sakuya.pl>
Date: Sun, 3 Apr 2016 22:03:58 +0200
Subject: [PATCH] server/general: be more pythonic

---
 .../szurubooru/api/password_reminder_api.py   | 38 +++-----
 server/szurubooru/api/user_api.py             | 90 ++++++-------------
 server/szurubooru/app.py                      | 63 +++++--------
 server/szurubooru/config.py                   | 12 +--
 server/szurubooru/db/__init__.py              |  4 +
 server/szurubooru/{model => db}/base.py       |  0
 server/szurubooru/{model => db}/user.py       |  4 +-
 server/szurubooru/middleware/authenticator.py | 25 ++----
 server/szurubooru/middleware/db_session.py    |  6 +-
 .../szurubooru/middleware/json_translator.py  |  2 -
 server/szurubooru/middleware/require_json.py  |  1 -
 server/szurubooru/migrations/env.py           |  6 +-
 server/szurubooru/model/__init__.py           |  6 --
 server/szurubooru/search/__init__.py          |  4 +
 .../search/base_search_config.py              | 22 ++---
 .../{services => }/search/criteria.py         |  0
 .../{services => }/search/search_executor.py  | 10 +--
 .../szurubooru/search/user_search_config.py   | 42 +++++++++
 server/szurubooru/services/__init__.py        |  9 --
 server/szurubooru/services/auth_service.py    | 28 ------
 server/szurubooru/services/mailer.py          | 19 ----
 .../szurubooru/services/password_service.py   | 34 -------
 server/szurubooru/services/search/__init__.py |  2 -
 .../services/search/user_search_config.py     | 44 ---------
 server/szurubooru/services/user_service.py    | 56 ------------
 .../tests/api/test_updating_user.py           | 55 ++++++------
 server/szurubooru/tests/database_test_case.py |  6 +-
 .../tests/{services => search}/__init__.py    |  0
 .../search/test_user_search_config.py         |  8 +-
 .../tests/services/search/__init__.py         |  0
 .../tests/{test_util.py => util/test_misc.py} | 21 +++--
 server/szurubooru/util/__init__.py            |  1 +
 server/szurubooru/util/auth.py                | 59 ++++++++++++
 server/szurubooru/util/mailer.py              | 15 ++++
 server/szurubooru/{util.py => util/misc.py}   |  4 +-
 server/szurubooru/util/users.py               | 67 ++++++++++++++
 36 files changed, 335 insertions(+), 428 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 server/szurubooru/db/__init__.py
 rename server/szurubooru/{model => db}/base.py (100%)
 rename server/szurubooru/{model => db}/user.py (87%)
 delete mode 100644 server/szurubooru/model/__init__.py
 create mode 100644 server/szurubooru/search/__init__.py
 rename server/szurubooru/{services => }/search/base_search_config.py (82%)
 rename server/szurubooru/{services => }/search/criteria.py (100%)
 rename server/szurubooru/{services => }/search/search_executor.py (98%)
 create mode 100644 server/szurubooru/search/user_search_config.py
 delete mode 100644 server/szurubooru/services/__init__.py
 delete mode 100644 server/szurubooru/services/auth_service.py
 delete mode 100644 server/szurubooru/services/mailer.py
 delete mode 100644 server/szurubooru/services/password_service.py
 delete mode 100644 server/szurubooru/services/search/__init__.py
 delete mode 100644 server/szurubooru/services/search/user_search_config.py
 delete mode 100644 server/szurubooru/services/user_service.py
 rename server/szurubooru/tests/{services => search}/__init__.py (100%)
 rename server/szurubooru/tests/{services => }/search/test_user_search_config.py (97%)
 delete mode 100644 server/szurubooru/tests/services/search/__init__.py
 rename server/szurubooru/tests/{test_util.py => util/test_misc.py} (67%)
 create mode 100644 server/szurubooru/util/__init__.py
 create mode 100644 server/szurubooru/util/auth.py
 create mode 100644 server/szurubooru/util/mailer.py
 rename server/szurubooru/{util.py => util/misc.py} (93%)
 create mode 100644 server/szurubooru/util/users.py

diff --git a/server/szurubooru/api/password_reminder_api.py b/server/szurubooru/api/password_reminder_api.py
index 659355a..da2870e 100644
--- a/server/szurubooru/api/password_reminder_api.py
+++ b/server/szurubooru/api/password_reminder_api.py
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-import hashlib
-from szurubooru import errors
+from szurubooru import config, errors
+from szurubooru.util import auth, mailer, users
 from szurubooru.api.base_api import BaseApi
 
 MAIL_SUBJECT = 'Password reset for {name}'
@@ -9,45 +9,35 @@ MAIL_BODY = \
     'Otherwise, please ignore this email.'
 
 class PasswordReminderApi(BaseApi):
-    def __init__(self, config, mailer, user_service):
-        super().__init__()
-        self._config = config
-        self._mailer = mailer
-        self._user_service = user_service
-
     def get(self, context, user_name):
-        user = self._user_service.get_by_name(context.session, user_name)
+        ''' Send a mail with secure token to the correlated user. '''
+        user = users.get_by_name(context.session, user_name)
         if not user:
             raise errors.NotFoundError('User %r not found.' % user_name)
         if not user.email:
             raise errors.ValidationError(
                 'User %r hasn\'t supplied email. Cannot reset password.' % user_name)
-        token = self._generate_authentication_token(user)
+        token = auth.generate_authentication_token(user)
         url = '%s/password-reset/%s' % (
-            self._config['basic']['base_url'].rstrip('/'), token)
-        self._mailer.send(
-            'noreply@%s' % self._config['basic']['name'],
+            config.config['basic']['base_url'].rstrip('/'), token)
+        mailer.send_mail(
+            'noreply@%s' % config.config['basic']['name'],
             user.email,
-            MAIL_SUBJECT.format(name=self._config['basic']['name']),
-            MAIL_BODY.format(name=self._config['basic']['name'], url=url))
+            MAIL_SUBJECT.format(name=config.config['basic']['name']),
+            MAIL_BODY.format(name=config.config['basic']['name'], url=url))
         return {}
 
     def post(self, context, user_name):
-        user = self._user_service.get_by_name(context.session, user_name)
+        ''' Verify token from mail, generate a new password and return it. '''
+        user = users.get_by_name(context.session, user_name)
         if not user:
             raise errors.NotFoundError('User %r not found.' % user_name)
-        good_token = self._generate_authentication_token(user)
+        good_token = auth.generate_authentication_token(user)
         if not 'token' in context.request:
             raise errors.ValidationError('Missing password reset token.')
         token = context.request['token']
         if token != good_token:
             raise errors.ValidationError('Invalid password reset token.')
-        new_password = self._user_service.reset_password(user)
+        new_password = users.reset_password(user)
         context.session.commit()
         return {'password': new_password}
-
-    def _generate_authentication_token(self, user):
-        digest = hashlib.sha256()
-        digest.update(self._config['basic']['secret'].encode('utf8'))
-        digest.update(user.password_salt.encode('utf8'))
-        return digest.hexdigest()
diff --git a/server/szurubooru/api/user_api.py b/server/szurubooru/api/user_api.py
index 946c413..df30903 100644
--- a/server/szurubooru/api/user_api.py
+++ b/server/szurubooru/api/user_api.py
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
-import re
 import sqlalchemy
-from szurubooru import errors
-from szurubooru import util
+from szurubooru import errors, search
+from szurubooru.util import auth, users
 from szurubooru.api.base_api import BaseApi
-from szurubooru.services import search
 
 def _serialize_user(authenticated_user, user):
     ret = {
@@ -21,29 +19,27 @@ def _serialize_user(authenticated_user, user):
 class UserListApi(BaseApi):
     ''' API for lists of users. '''
 
-    def __init__(self, auth_service, user_service):
+    def __init__(self):
         super().__init__()
-        self._auth_service = auth_service
-        self._user_service = user_service
         self._search_executor = search.SearchExecutor(search.UserSearchConfig())
 
     def get(self, context):
-        ''' Retrieves a list of users. '''
-        self._auth_service.verify_privilege(context.user, 'users:list')
+        ''' Retrieve a list of users. '''
+        auth.verify_privilege(context.user, 'users:list')
         query = context.get_param_as_string('query')
         page = context.get_param_as_int('page', 1)
-        count, users = self._search_executor.execute(context.session, query, page)
+        count, user_list = self._search_executor.execute(context.session, query, page)
         return {
             'query': query,
             'page': page,
             'page_size': self._search_executor.page_size,
             'total': count,
-            'users': [_serialize_user(context.user, user) for user in users],
+            'users': [_serialize_user(context.user, user) for user in user_list],
         }
 
     def post(self, context):
-        ''' Creates a new user. '''
-        self._auth_service.verify_privilege(context.user, 'users:create')
+        ''' Create a new user. '''
+        auth.verify_privilege(context.user, 'users:create')
 
         try:
             name = context.request['name'].strip()
@@ -52,9 +48,9 @@ class UserListApi(BaseApi):
         except KeyError as ex:
             raise errors.ValidationError('Field %r not found.' % ex.args[0])
 
-        user = self._user_service.create_user(
-            context.session, name, password, email)
+        user = users.create_user(name, password, email)
         try:
+            context.session.add(user)
             context.session.commit()
         except sqlalchemy.exc.IntegrityError:
             raise errors.IntegrityError('User %r already exists.' % name)
@@ -63,26 +59,17 @@ class UserListApi(BaseApi):
 class UserDetailApi(BaseApi):
     ''' API for individual users. '''
 
-    def __init__(self, config, auth_service, password_service, user_service):
-        super().__init__()
-        self._available_access_ranks = config['service']['user_ranks']
-        self._name_regex = config['service']['user_name_regex']
-        self._password_regex = config['service']['password_regex']
-        self._password_service = password_service
-        self._auth_service = auth_service
-        self._user_service = user_service
-
     def get(self, context, user_name):
-        ''' Retrieves an user. '''
-        self._auth_service.verify_privilege(context.user, 'users:view')
-        user = self._user_service.get_by_name(context.session, user_name)
+        ''' Retrieve an user. '''
+        auth.verify_privilege(context.user, 'users:view')
+        user = users.get_by_name(context.session, user_name)
         if not user:
             raise errors.NotFoundError('User %r not found.' % user_name)
         return {'user': _serialize_user(context.user, user)}
 
     def put(self, context, user_name):
-        ''' Updates an existing user. '''
-        user = self._user_service.get_by_name(context.session, user_name)
+        ''' Update an existing user. '''
+        user = users.get_by_name(context.session, user_name)
         if not user:
             raise errors.NotFoundError('User %r not found.' % user_name)
 
@@ -92,53 +79,26 @@ class UserDetailApi(BaseApi):
             infix = 'any'
 
         if 'name' in context.request:
-            self._auth_service.verify_privilege(
-                context.user, 'users:edit:%s:name' % infix)
-            name = context.request['name'].strip()
-            if not re.match(self._name_regex, name):
-                raise errors.ValidationError(
-                    'Name must satisfy regex %r.' % self._name_regex)
-            user.name = name
+            auth.verify_privilege(context.user, 'users:edit:%s:name' % infix)
+            users.update_name(user, context.request['name'])
 
         if 'password' in context.request:
-            password = context.request['password']
-            self._auth_service.verify_privilege(
-                context.user, 'users:edit:%s:pass' % infix)
-            if not re.match(self._password_regex, password):
-                raise errors.ValidationError(
-                    'Password must satisfy regex %r.' % self._password_regex)
-            user.password_salt = self._password_service.create_password()
-            user.password_hash = self._password_service.get_password_hash(
-                user.password_salt, password)
+            auth.verify_privilege(context.user, 'users:edit:%s:pass' % infix)
+            users.update_password(user, context.request['password'])
 
         if 'email' in context.request:
-            self._auth_service.verify_privilege(
-                context.user, 'users:edit:%s:email' % infix)
-            email = context.request['email'].strip() or None
-            if not util.is_valid_email(email):
-                raise errors.ValidationError(
-                    '%r is not a vaild email address.' % email)
-            user.email = email
+            auth.verify_privilege(context.user, 'users:edit:%s:email' % infix)
+            users.update_email(user, context.request['email'])
 
         if 'accessRank' in context.request:
-            self._auth_service.verify_privilege(
-                context.user, 'users:edit:%s:rank' % infix)
-            rank = context.request['accessRank'].strip()
-            if not rank in self._available_access_ranks:
-                raise errors.ValidationError(
-                    'Bad access rank. Valid access ranks: %r' \
-                        % self._available_access_ranks)
-            if self._available_access_ranks.index(context.user.access_rank) \
-                    < self._available_access_ranks.index(rank):
-                raise errors.AuthError(
-                    'Trying to set higher access rank than one has')
-            user.access_rank = rank
+            auth.verify_privilege(context.user, 'users:edit:%s:rank' % infix)
+            users.update_rank(user, context.request['accessRank'], context.user)
 
         # TODO: avatar
 
         try:
             context.session.commit()
         except sqlalchemy.exc.IntegrityError:
-            raise errors.IntegrityError('User %r already exists.' % name)
+            raise errors.IntegrityError('User %r already exists.' % user.name)
 
         return {'user': _serialize_user(context.user, user)}
diff --git a/server/szurubooru/app.py b/server/szurubooru/app.py
index e23cdb5..ede59c5 100644
--- a/server/szurubooru/app.py
+++ b/server/szurubooru/app.py
@@ -3,16 +3,11 @@
 import falcon
 import sqlalchemy
 import sqlalchemy.orm
-import szurubooru.api
-import szurubooru.config
-import szurubooru.errors
-import szurubooru.middleware
-import szurubooru.services
-import szurubooru.services.search
-import szurubooru.util
+from szurubooru import api, config, errors, middleware
+from szurubooru.util import misc
 
 class _CustomRequest(falcon.Request):
-    context_type = szurubooru.util.dotdict
+    context_type = misc.dotdict
 
     def get_param_as_string(self, name, required=False, store=None, default=None):
         params = self._params
@@ -45,47 +40,37 @@ def _on_not_found_error(ex, _request, _response, _params):
     raise falcon.HTTPNotFound(title='Not found', description=str(ex))
 
 def create_app():
-    ''' Creates a WSGI compatible App object. '''
-    config = szurubooru.config.Config()
-
+    ''' Create a WSGI compatible App object. '''
     engine = sqlalchemy.create_engine(
         '{schema}://{user}:{password}@{host}:{port}/{name}'.format(
-            schema=config['database']['schema'],
-            user=config['database']['user'],
-            password=config['database']['pass'],
-            host=config['database']['host'],
-            port=config['database']['port'],
-            name=config['database']['name']))
+            schema=config.config['database']['schema'],
+            user=config.config['database']['user'],
+            password=config.config['database']['pass'],
+            host=config.config['database']['host'],
+            port=config.config['database']['port'],
+            name=config.config['database']['name']))
     session_maker = sqlalchemy.orm.sessionmaker(bind=engine)
     scoped_session = sqlalchemy.orm.scoped_session(session_maker)
 
-    # TODO: is there a better way?
-    mailer = szurubooru.services.Mailer(config)
-    password_service = szurubooru.services.PasswordService(config)
-    auth_service = szurubooru.services.AuthService(config, password_service)
-    user_service = szurubooru.services.UserService(config, password_service)
-
-    user_list_api = szurubooru.api.UserListApi(auth_service, user_service)
-    user_detail_api = szurubooru.api.UserDetailApi(
-        config, auth_service, password_service, user_service)
-    password_reminder_api = szurubooru.api.PasswordReminderApi(
-        config, mailer, user_service)
-
     app = falcon.API(
         request_type=_CustomRequest,
         middleware=[
-            szurubooru.middleware.ImbueContext(),
-            szurubooru.middleware.RequireJson(),
-            szurubooru.middleware.JsonTranslator(),
-            szurubooru.middleware.DbSession(scoped_session),
-            szurubooru.middleware.Authenticator(auth_service, user_service),
+            middleware.ImbueContext(),
+            middleware.RequireJson(),
+            middleware.JsonTranslator(),
+            middleware.DbSession(scoped_session),
+            middleware.Authenticator(),
         ])
 
-    app.add_error_handler(szurubooru.errors.AuthError, _on_auth_error)
-    app.add_error_handler(szurubooru.errors.IntegrityError, _on_integrity_error)
-    app.add_error_handler(szurubooru.errors.ValidationError, _on_validation_error)
-    app.add_error_handler(szurubooru.errors.SearchError, _on_search_error)
-    app.add_error_handler(szurubooru.errors.NotFoundError, _on_not_found_error)
+    user_list_api = api.UserListApi()
+    user_detail_api = api.UserDetailApi()
+    password_reminder_api = api.PasswordReminderApi()
+
+    app.add_error_handler(errors.AuthError, _on_auth_error)
+    app.add_error_handler(errors.IntegrityError, _on_integrity_error)
+    app.add_error_handler(errors.ValidationError, _on_validation_error)
+    app.add_error_handler(errors.SearchError, _on_search_error)
+    app.add_error_handler(errors.NotFoundError, _on_not_found_error)
 
     app.add_route('/users/', user_list_api)
     app.add_route('/user/{user_name}', user_detail_api)
diff --git a/server/szurubooru/config.py b/server/szurubooru/config.py
index d5bb065..ccb8b23 100644
--- a/server/szurubooru/config.py
+++ b/server/szurubooru/config.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import os
 import configobj
-import szurubooru.errors
+from szurubooru import errors
 
 class Config(object):
     ''' INI config parser and container. '''
@@ -15,20 +15,22 @@ class Config(object):
 
     def _validate(self):
         '''
-        Checks whether config.ini doesn't contain errors that might prove
+        Check whether config.ini doesn't contain errors that might prove
         lethal at runtime.
         '''
         all_ranks = self['service']['user_ranks']
         for privilege, rank in self['privileges'].items():
             if rank not in all_ranks:
-                raise szurubooru.errors.ConfigError(
+                raise errors.ConfigError(
                     'Rank %r for privilege %r is missing from user_ranks' % (
                         rank, privilege))
         for rank in ['anonymous', 'admin', 'nobody']:
             if rank not in all_ranks:
-                raise szurubooru.errors.ConfigError(
+                raise errors.ConfigError(
                     'Fixed rank %r is missing from user_ranks' % rank)
         if self['service']['default_user_rank'] not in all_ranks:
-            raise szurubooru.errors.ConfigError(
+            raise errors.ConfigError(
                 'Default rank %r is missing from user_ranks' % (
                     self['service']['default_user_rank']))
+
+config = Config() # pylint: disable=invalid-name
diff --git a/server/szurubooru/db/__init__.py b/server/szurubooru/db/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..634c179
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/szurubooru/db/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+''' Database layer. '''
+
+from szurubooru.db.base import Base
+from szurubooru.db.user import User
diff --git a/server/szurubooru/model/base.py b/server/szurubooru/db/base.py
similarity index 100%
rename from server/szurubooru/model/base.py
rename to server/szurubooru/db/base.py
diff --git a/server/szurubooru/model/user.py b/server/szurubooru/db/user.py
similarity index 87%
rename from server/szurubooru/model/user.py
rename to server/szurubooru/db/user.py
index f5f5ecd..1b0f9be 100644
--- a/server/szurubooru/model/user.py
+++ b/server/szurubooru/db/user.py
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
-# pylint: disable=too-many-instance-attributes,too-few-public-methods
-
 import sqlalchemy as sa
-from szurubooru.model.base import Base
+from szurubooru.db.base import Base
 
 class User(Base):
     __tablename__ = 'user'
diff --git a/server/szurubooru/middleware/authenticator.py b/server/szurubooru/middleware/authenticator.py
index 58ed357..0f85027 100644
--- a/server/szurubooru/middleware/authenticator.py
+++ b/server/szurubooru/middleware/authenticator.py
@@ -1,24 +1,20 @@
 import base64
 import falcon
-from szurubooru import errors
-from szurubooru import model
+from szurubooru import db, errors
+from szurubooru.util import auth, users
 
 class Authenticator(object):
     '''
-    Authenticates every request and puts information on active user in the
+    Authenticates every request and put information on active user in the
     request context.
     '''
 
-    def __init__(self, auth_service, user_service):
-        self._auth_service = auth_service
-        self._user_service = user_service
-
     def process_request(self, request, _response):
-        ''' Executed before passing the request to the API. '''
+        ''' Bind the user to request. Update last login time if needed. '''
         request.context.user = self._get_user(request)
         if request.get_param_as_bool('bump-login') \
                 and request.context.user.user_id:
-            self._user_service.bump_login_time(request.context.user)
+            users.bump_login_time(request.context.user)
             request.context.session.commit()
 
     def _get_user(self, request):
@@ -27,15 +23,12 @@ class Authenticator(object):
 
         try:
             auth_type, user_and_password = request.auth.split(' ', 1)
-
             if auth_type.lower() != 'basic':
                 raise falcon.HTTPBadRequest(
                     'Invalid authentication type',
                     'Only basic authorization is supported.')
-
             username, password = base64.decodebytes(
                 user_and_password.encode('ascii')).decode('utf8').split(':')
-
             return self._authenticate(
                 request.context.session, username, password)
         except ValueError as err:
@@ -46,16 +39,16 @@ class Authenticator(object):
                 msg.format(request.auth, str(err)))
 
     def _authenticate(self, session, username, password):
-        ''' Tries to authenticate user. Throws AuthError for invalid users. '''
-        user = self._user_service.get_by_name(session, username)
+        ''' Try to authenticate user. Throw AuthError for invalid users. '''
+        user = users.get_by_name(session, username)
         if not user:
             raise errors.AuthError('No such user.')
-        if not self._auth_service.is_valid_password(user, password):
+        if not auth.is_valid_password(user, password):
             raise errors.AuthError('Invalid password.')
         return user
 
     def _create_anonymous_user(self):
-        user = model.User()
+        user = db.User()
         user.name = None
         user.access_rank = 'anonymous'
         user.password = None
diff --git a/server/szurubooru/middleware/db_session.py b/server/szurubooru/middleware/db_session.py
index 12bbad7..059b073 100644
--- a/server/szurubooru/middleware/db_session.py
+++ b/server/szurubooru/middleware/db_session.py
@@ -5,12 +5,8 @@ class DbSession(object):
         self._session_factory = session_factory
 
     def process_request(self, request, _response):
-        ''' Executed before passing the request to the API. '''
         request.context.session = self._session_factory()
 
     def process_response(self, request, _response, _resource):
-        '''
-        Executed before passing the response to falcon.
-        Any commits to database need to happen explicitly in the API layer.
-        '''
+        # any commits need to happen explicitly in the API layer.
         request.context.session.close()
diff --git a/server/szurubooru/middleware/json_translator.py b/server/szurubooru/middleware/json_translator.py
index cc42bf4..ae973d3 100644
--- a/server/szurubooru/middleware/json_translator.py
+++ b/server/szurubooru/middleware/json_translator.py
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ class JsonTranslator(object):
     '''
 
     def process_request(self, request, _response):
-        ''' Executed before passing the request to the API. '''
         if request.content_length in (None, 0):
             return
 
@@ -36,7 +35,6 @@ class JsonTranslator(object):
                 'JSON was incorrect or not encoded as UTF-8.')
 
     def process_response(self, request, response, _resource):
-        ''' Executed before passing the response to falcon. '''
         if 'result' not in request.context:
             return
         response.body = json.dumps(
diff --git a/server/szurubooru/middleware/require_json.py b/server/szurubooru/middleware/require_json.py
index ef901ca..a965a7b 100644
--- a/server/szurubooru/middleware/require_json.py
+++ b/server/szurubooru/middleware/require_json.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ class RequireJson(object):
     ''' Sanitizes requests so that only JSON is accepted. '''
 
     def process_request(self, request, _response):
-        ''' Executed before passing the request to the API. '''
         if not request.client_accepts_json:
             raise falcon.HTTPNotAcceptable(
                 'This API only supports responses encoded as JSON.')
diff --git a/server/szurubooru/migrations/env.py b/server/szurubooru/migrations/env.py
index c10f0a1..c109d9a 100644
--- a/server/szurubooru/migrations/env.py
+++ b/server/szurubooru/migrations/env.py
@@ -9,13 +9,13 @@ import logging.config
 dir_to_self = os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__))
 sys.path.append(os.path.join(dir_to_self, *[os.pardir] * 2))
 
-import szurubooru.model.base
+import szurubooru.db.base
 import szurubooru.config
 
 alembic_config = alembic.context.config
 logging.config.fileConfig(alembic_config.config_file_name)
 
-szuru_config = szurubooru.config.Config()
+szuru_config = szurubooru.config.config
 alembic_config.set_main_option(
     'sqlalchemy.url',
     '{schema}://{user}:{password}@{host}:{port}/{name}'.format(
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ alembic_config.set_main_option(
         port=szuru_config['database']['port'],
         name=szuru_config['database']['name']))
 
-target_metadata = szurubooru.model.Base.metadata
+target_metadata = szurubooru.db.Base.metadata
 
 def run_migrations_offline():
     '''
diff --git a/server/szurubooru/model/__init__.py b/server/szurubooru/model/__init__.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 8423e0d..0000000
--- a/server/szurubooru/model/__init__.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-'''
-Database models.
-'''
-
-from szurubooru.model.base import Base
-from szurubooru.model.user import User
diff --git a/server/szurubooru/search/__init__.py b/server/szurubooru/search/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f614db6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/szurubooru/search/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+''' Search parsers and services. '''
+
+from szurubooru.search.search_executor import SearchExecutor
+from szurubooru.search.user_search_config import UserSearchConfig
diff --git a/server/szurubooru/services/search/base_search_config.py b/server/szurubooru/search/base_search_config.py
similarity index 82%
rename from server/szurubooru/services/search/base_search_config.py
rename to server/szurubooru/search/base_search_config.py
index 7aba690..0e6712f 100644
--- a/server/szurubooru/services/search/base_search_config.py
+++ b/server/szurubooru/search/base_search_config.py
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 import sqlalchemy
 import szurubooru.errors
-from szurubooru import util
-from szurubooru.services.search import criteria
+from szurubooru.util import misc
+from szurubooru.search import criteria
 
 def _apply_criterion_to_column(
         column, query, criterion, allow_composite=True, allow_ranged=True):
-    ''' Decorates SQLAlchemy filter on given column using supplied criterion. '''
+    ''' Decorate SQLAlchemy filter on given column using supplied criterion. '''
     if isinstance(criterion, criteria.StringSearchCriterion):
         expr = column == criterion.value
         if criterion.negated:
@@ -32,11 +32,11 @@ def _apply_criterion_to_column(
 
 def _apply_date_criterion_to_column(column, query, criterion):
     '''
-    Decorates SQLAlchemy filter on given column using supplied criterion.
-    Parses the datetime inside the criterion.
+    Decorate SQLAlchemy filter on given column using supplied criterion.
+    Parse the datetime inside the criterion.
     '''
     if isinstance(criterion, criteria.StringSearchCriterion):
-        min_date, max_date = util.parse_time_range(criterion.value)
+        min_date, max_date = misc.parse_time_range(criterion.value)
         expr = column.between(min_date, max_date)
         if criterion.negated:
             expr = ~expr
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ def _apply_date_criterion_to_column(column, query, criterion):
     elif isinstance(criterion, criteria.ArraySearchCriterion):
         expr = sqlalchemy.sql.false()
         for value in criterion.values:
-            min_date, max_date = util.parse_time_range(value)
+            min_date, max_date = misc.parse_time_range(value)
             expr = expr | column.between(min_date, max_date)
         if criterion.negated:
             expr = ~expr
@@ -52,14 +52,14 @@ def _apply_date_criterion_to_column(column, query, criterion):
     elif isinstance(criterion, criteria.RangedSearchCriterion):
         assert criterion.min_value or criterion.max_value
         if criterion.min_value and criterion.max_value:
-            min_date = util.parse_time_range(criterion.min_value)[0]
-            max_date = util.parse_time_range(criterion.max_value)[1]
+            min_date = misc.parse_time_range(criterion.min_value)[0]
+            max_date = misc.parse_time_range(criterion.max_value)[1]
             expr = column.between(min_date, max_date)
         elif criterion.min_value:
-            min_date = util.parse_time_range(criterion.min_value)[0]
+            min_date = misc.parse_time_range(criterion.min_value)[0]
             expr = column >= min_date
         elif criterion.max_value:
-            max_date = util.parse_time_range(criterion.max_value)[1]
+            max_date = misc.parse_time_range(criterion.max_value)[1]
             expr = column <= max_date
         if criterion.negated:
             expr = ~expr
diff --git a/server/szurubooru/services/search/criteria.py b/server/szurubooru/search/criteria.py
similarity index 100%
rename from server/szurubooru/services/search/criteria.py
rename to server/szurubooru/search/criteria.py
diff --git a/server/szurubooru/services/search/search_executor.py b/server/szurubooru/search/search_executor.py
similarity index 98%
rename from server/szurubooru/services/search/search_executor.py
rename to server/szurubooru/search/search_executor.py
index f12b539..52d3c71 100644
--- a/server/szurubooru/services/search/search_executor.py
+++ b/server/szurubooru/search/search_executor.py
@@ -1,19 +1,17 @@
-''' Exports SearchExecutor. '''
-
 import re
 import sqlalchemy
 from szurubooru import errors
-from szurubooru.services.search import criteria
+from szurubooru.search import criteria
 
 class SearchExecutor(object):
-    ORDER_DESC = 1
-    ORDER_ASC = 2
-
     '''
     Class for search parsing and execution. Handles plaintext parsing and
     delegates sqlalchemy filter decoration to SearchConfig instances.
     '''
 
+    ORDER_DESC = 1
+    ORDER_ASC = 2
+
     def __init__(self, search_config):
         self.page_size = 100
         self._search_config = search_config
diff --git a/server/szurubooru/search/user_search_config.py b/server/szurubooru/search/user_search_config.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c8583d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/szurubooru/search/user_search_config.py
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+from sqlalchemy.sql.expression import func
+from szurubooru import db
+from szurubooru.search.base_search_config import BaseSearchConfig
+
+class UserSearchConfig(BaseSearchConfig):
+    ''' Executes searches related to the users. '''
+
+    def create_query(self, session):
+        return session.query(db.User)
+
+    @property
+    def anonymous_filter(self):
+        return self._create_basic_filter(db.User.name, allow_ranged=False)
+
+    @property
+    def special_filters(self):
+        return {}
+
+    @property
+    def named_filters(self):
+        return {
+            'name': self._create_basic_filter(db.User.name, allow_ranged=False),
+            'creation_date': self._create_date_filter(db.User.creation_time),
+            'creation_time': self._create_date_filter(db.User.creation_time),
+            'last_login_date': self._create_date_filter(db.User.last_login_time),
+            'last_login_time': self._create_date_filter(db.User.last_login_time),
+            'login_date': self._create_date_filter(db.User.last_login_time),
+            'login_time': self._create_date_filter(db.User.last_login_time),
+        }
+
+    @property
+    def order_columns(self):
+        return {
+            'random': func.random(),
+            'name': db.User.name,
+            'creation_date': db.User.creation_time,
+            'creation_time': db.User.creation_time,
+            'last_login_date': db.User.last_login_time,
+            'last_login_time': db.User.last_login_time,
+            'login_date': db.User.last_login_time,
+            'login_time': db.User.last_login_time,
+        }
diff --git a/server/szurubooru/services/__init__.py b/server/szurubooru/services/__init__.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 83e57e2..0000000
--- a/server/szurubooru/services/__init__.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-'''
-Middle layer between REST API and database.
-All the business logic goes here.
-'''
-
-from szurubooru.services.mailer import Mailer
-from szurubooru.services.auth_service import AuthService
-from szurubooru.services.user_service import UserService
-from szurubooru.services.password_service import PasswordService
diff --git a/server/szurubooru/services/auth_service.py b/server/szurubooru/services/auth_service.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 1f4a412..0000000
--- a/server/szurubooru/services/auth_service.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-from szurubooru import errors
-
-class AuthService(object):
-    def __init__(self, config, password_service):
-        self._config = config
-        self._password_service = password_service
-
-    def is_valid_password(self, user, password):
-        ''' Returns whether the given password for a given user is valid. '''
-        salt, valid_hash = user.password_salt, user.password_hash
-        possible_hashes = [
-            self._password_service.get_password_hash(salt, password),
-            self._password_service.get_legacy_password_hash(salt, password)
-        ]
-        return valid_hash in possible_hashes
-
-    def verify_privilege(self, user, privilege_name):
-        '''
-        Throws an AuthError if the given user doesn't have given privilege.
-        '''
-        all_ranks = self._config['service']['user_ranks']
-
-        assert privilege_name in self._config['privileges']
-        assert user.access_rank in all_ranks
-        minimal_rank = self._config['privileges'][privilege_name]
-        good_ranks = all_ranks[all_ranks.index(minimal_rank):]
-        if user.access_rank not in good_ranks:
-            raise errors.AuthError('Insufficient privileges to do this.')
diff --git a/server/szurubooru/services/mailer.py b/server/szurubooru/services/mailer.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 7e5d3b3..0000000
--- a/server/szurubooru/services/mailer.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-import smtplib
-import email.mime.text
-
-class Mailer(object):
-    def __init__(self, config):
-        self._config = config
-
-    def send(self, sender, recipient, subject, body):
-        msg = email.mime.text.MIMEText(body)
-        msg['Subject'] = subject
-        msg['From'] = sender
-        msg['To'] = recipient
-
-        smtp = smtplib.SMTP(
-            self._config['smtp']['host'],
-            int(self._config['smtp']['port']))
-        smtp.login(self._config['smtp']['user'], self._config['smtp']['pass'])
-        smtp.send_message(msg)
-        smtp.quit()
diff --git a/server/szurubooru/services/password_service.py b/server/szurubooru/services/password_service.py
deleted file mode 100644
index f13da94..0000000
--- a/server/szurubooru/services/password_service.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-import hashlib
-import random
-
-class PasswordService(object):
-    ''' Stateless utilities for passwords '''
-
-    def __init__(self, config):
-        self._config = config
-
-    def get_password_hash(self, salt, password):
-        ''' Retrieves new-style password hash. '''
-        digest = hashlib.sha256()
-        digest.update(self._config['basic']['secret'].encode('utf8'))
-        digest.update(salt.encode('utf8'))
-        digest.update(password.encode('utf8'))
-        return digest.hexdigest()
-
-    def get_legacy_password_hash(self, salt, password):
-        ''' Retrieves old-style password hash. '''
-        digest = hashlib.sha1()
-        digest.update(b'1A2/$_4xVa')
-        digest.update(salt.encode('utf8'))
-        digest.update(password.encode('utf8'))
-        return digest.hexdigest()
-
-    def create_password(self):
-        ''' Creates an easy-to-remember password. '''
-        alphabet = {
-            'c': list('bcdfghijklmnpqrstvwxyz'),
-            'v': list('aeiou'),
-            'n': list('0123456789'),
-        }
-        pattern = 'cvcvnncvcv'
-        return ''.join(random.choice(alphabet[l]) for l in list(pattern))
diff --git a/server/szurubooru/services/search/__init__.py b/server/szurubooru/services/search/__init__.py
deleted file mode 100644
index c05934d..0000000
--- a/server/szurubooru/services/search/__init__.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-from szurubooru.services.search.search_executor import SearchExecutor
-from szurubooru.services.search.user_search_config import UserSearchConfig
diff --git a/server/szurubooru/services/search/user_search_config.py b/server/szurubooru/services/search/user_search_config.py
deleted file mode 100644
index bd95ec6..0000000
--- a/server/szurubooru/services/search/user_search_config.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
-''' Exports UserSearchConfig. '''
-
-from sqlalchemy.sql.expression import func
-from szurubooru.model import User
-from szurubooru.services.search.base_search_config import BaseSearchConfig
-
-class UserSearchConfig(BaseSearchConfig):
-    ''' Executes searches related to the users. '''
-
-    def create_query(self, session):
-        return session.query(User)
-
-    @property
-    def anonymous_filter(self):
-        return self._create_basic_filter(User.name, allow_ranged=False)
-
-    @property
-    def special_filters(self):
-        return {}
-
-    @property
-    def named_filters(self):
-        return {
-            'name': self._create_basic_filter(User.name, allow_ranged=False),
-            'creation_date': self._create_date_filter(User.creation_time),
-            'creation_time': self._create_date_filter(User.creation_time),
-            'last_login_date': self._create_date_filter(User.last_login_time),
-            'last_login_time': self._create_date_filter(User.last_login_time),
-            'login_date': self._create_date_filter(User.last_login_time),
-            'login_time': self._create_date_filter(User.last_login_time),
-        }
-
-    @property
-    def order_columns(self):
-        return {
-            'random': func.random(),
-            'name': User.name,
-            'creation_date': User.creation_time,
-            'creation_time': User.creation_time,
-            'last_login_date': User.last_login_time,
-            'last_login_time': User.last_login_time,
-            'login_date': User.last_login_time,
-            'login_time': User.last_login_time,
-        }
diff --git a/server/szurubooru/services/user_service.py b/server/szurubooru/services/user_service.py
deleted file mode 100644
index ca4f221..0000000
--- a/server/szurubooru/services/user_service.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,56 +0,0 @@
-import re
-from datetime import datetime
-from szurubooru import errors
-from szurubooru import model
-from szurubooru import util
-
-class UserService(object):
-    ''' User management '''
-
-    def __init__(self, config, password_service):
-        self._config = config
-        self._password_service = password_service
-        self._name_regex = self._config['service']['user_name_regex']
-        self._password_regex = self._config['service']['password_regex']
-
-    def create_user(self, session, name, password, email):
-        ''' Creates an user with given parameters and returns it. '''
-
-        if not re.match(self._name_regex, name):
-            raise errors.ValidationError(
-                'Name must satisfy regex %r.' % self._name_regex)
-
-        if not re.match(self._password_regex, password):
-            raise errors.ValidationError(
-                'Password must satisfy regex %r.' % self._password_regex)
-
-        if not util.is_valid_email(email):
-            raise errors.ValidationError(
-                '%r is not a vaild email address.' % email)
-
-        user = model.User()
-        user.name = name
-        user.password_salt = self._password_service.create_password()
-        user.password_hash = self._password_service.get_password_hash(
-            user.password_salt, password)
-        user.email = email or None
-        user.access_rank = self._config['service']['default_user_rank']
-        user.creation_time = datetime.now()
-        user.avatar_style = model.User.AVATAR_GRAVATAR
-
-        session.add(user)
-        return user
-
-    def bump_login_time(self, user):
-        user.last_login_time = datetime.now()
-
-    def reset_password(self, user):
-        password = self._password_service.create_password()
-        user.password_salt = self._password_service.create_password()
-        user.password_hash = self._password_service.get_password_hash(
-            user.password_salt, password)
-        return password
-
-    def get_by_name(self, session, name):
-        ''' Retrieves an user by its name. '''
-        return session.query(model.User).filter_by(name=name).first()
diff --git a/server/szurubooru/tests/api/test_updating_user.py b/server/szurubooru/tests/api/test_updating_user.py
index 6ffa09a..c1155f2 100644
--- a/server/szurubooru/tests/api/test_updating_user.py
+++ b/server/szurubooru/tests/api/test_updating_user.py
@@ -1,15 +1,12 @@
 from datetime import datetime
-import szurubooru.services
-from szurubooru.api.user_api import UserDetailApi
-from szurubooru.errors import AuthError, ValidationError
-from szurubooru.model.user import User
+from szurubooru import api, db, errors, config
+from szurubooru.util import auth, misc
 from szurubooru.tests.database_test_case import DatabaseTestCase
-from szurubooru.util import dotdict
 
 class TestUserDetailApi(DatabaseTestCase):
     def setUp(self):
         super().setUp()
-        config = {
+        config_mock = {
             'basic': {
                 'secret': '',
             },
@@ -30,18 +27,18 @@ class TestUserDetailApi(DatabaseTestCase):
                 'users:edit:any:rank': 'admin',
             }
         }
-        password_service = szurubooru.services.PasswordService(config)
-        auth_service = szurubooru.services.AuthService(config, password_service)
-        user_service = szurubooru.services.UserService(config, password_service)
-        self.auth_service = auth_service
-        self.api = UserDetailApi(
-            config, auth_service, password_service, user_service)
-        self.context = dotdict()
+        self.old_config = config.config
+        config.config = config_mock
+        self.api = api.UserDetailApi()
+        self.context = misc.dotdict()
         self.context.session = self.session
         self.context.request = {}
 
+    def tearDown(self):
+        config.config = self.old_config
+
     def _create_user(self, name, rank='admin'):
-        user = User()
+        user = db.User()
         user.name = name
         user.password = 'dummy'
         user.password_salt = 'dummy'
@@ -49,7 +46,7 @@ class TestUserDetailApi(DatabaseTestCase):
         user.email = 'dummy'
         user.access_rank = rank
         user.creation_time = datetime.now()
-        user.avatar_style = User.AVATAR_GRAVATAR
+        user.avatar_style = db.User.AVATAR_GRAVATAR
         return user
 
     def test_updating_nothing(self):
@@ -57,7 +54,7 @@ class TestUserDetailApi(DatabaseTestCase):
         self.session.add(admin_user)
         self.context.user = admin_user
         self.api.put(self.context, 'u1')
-        admin_user = self.session.query(User).filter_by(name='u1').one()
+        admin_user = self.session.query(db.User).filter_by(name='u1').one()
         self.assertEqual(admin_user.name, 'u1')
         self.assertEqual(admin_user.email, 'dummy')
         self.assertEqual(admin_user.access_rank, 'admin')
@@ -69,16 +66,16 @@ class TestUserDetailApi(DatabaseTestCase):
         self.context.request = {
             'name': 'chewie',
             'email': 'asd@asd.asd',
-            'password': 'valid',
+            'password': 'oks',
             'accessRank': 'mod',
         }
         self.api.put(self.context, 'u1')
-        admin_user = self.session.query(User).filter_by(name='chewie').one()
+        admin_user = self.session.query(db.User).filter_by(name='chewie').one()
         self.assertEqual(admin_user.name, 'chewie')
         self.assertEqual(admin_user.email, 'asd@asd.asd')
         self.assertEqual(admin_user.access_rank, 'mod')
-        self.assertTrue(self.auth_service.is_valid_password(admin_user, 'valid'))
-        self.assertFalse(self.auth_service.is_valid_password(admin_user, 'invalid'))
+        self.assertTrue(auth.is_valid_password(admin_user, 'oks'))
+        self.assertFalse(auth.is_valid_password(admin_user, 'invalid'))
 
     def test_removing_email(self):
         admin_user = self._create_user('u1', 'admin')
@@ -86,7 +83,7 @@ class TestUserDetailApi(DatabaseTestCase):
         self.context.user = admin_user
         self.context.request = {'email': ''}
         self.api.put(self.context, 'u1')
-        admin_user = self.session.query(User).filter_by(name='u1').one()
+        admin_user = self.session.query(db.User).filter_by(name='u1').one()
         self.assertEqual(admin_user.email, None)
 
     def test_invalid_inputs(self):
@@ -95,16 +92,16 @@ class TestUserDetailApi(DatabaseTestCase):
         self.context.user = admin_user
         self.context.request = {'name': '.'}
         self.assertRaises(
-            ValidationError, self.api.put, self.context, 'u1')
+            errors.ValidationError, self.api.put, self.context, 'u1')
         self.context.request = {'password': '.'}
         self.assertRaises(
-            ValidationError, self.api.put, self.context, 'u1')
+            errors.ValidationError, self.api.put, self.context, 'u1')
         self.context.request = {'accessRank': '.'}
         self.assertRaises(
-            ValidationError, self.api.put, self.context, 'u1')
+            errors.ValidationError, self.api.put, self.context, 'u1')
         self.context.request = {'email': '.'}
         self.assertRaises(
-            ValidationError, self.api.put, self.context, 'u1')
+            errors.ValidationError, self.api.put, self.context, 'u1')
 
     def test_user_trying_to_update_someone_else(self):
         user1 = self._create_user('u1', 'regular_user')
@@ -118,7 +115,7 @@ class TestUserDetailApi(DatabaseTestCase):
                 {'password': 'whatever'}]:
             self.context.request = request
             self.assertRaises(
-                AuthError, self.api.put, self.context, user2.name)
+                errors.AuthError, self.api.put, self.context, user2.name)
 
     def test_user_trying_to_become_someone_else(self):
         user1 = self._create_user('u1', 'regular_user')
@@ -127,7 +124,7 @@ class TestUserDetailApi(DatabaseTestCase):
         self.context.user = user1
         self.context.request = {'name': 'u2'}
         self.assertRaises(
-            ValidationError, self.api.put, self.context, 'u1')
+            errors.ValidationError, self.api.put, self.context, 'u1')
 
     def test_mods_trying_to_become_admin(self):
         user1 = self._create_user('u1', 'mod')
@@ -136,6 +133,6 @@ class TestUserDetailApi(DatabaseTestCase):
         self.context.user = user1
         self.context.request = {'accessRank': 'admin'}
         self.assertRaises(
-            AuthError, self.api.put, self.context, user1.name)
+            errors.AuthError, self.api.put, self.context, user1.name)
         self.assertRaises(
-            AuthError, self.api.put, self.context, user2.name)
+            errors.AuthError, self.api.put, self.context, user2.name)
diff --git a/server/szurubooru/tests/database_test_case.py b/server/szurubooru/tests/database_test_case.py
index 0d89e74..e6336d9 100644
--- a/server/szurubooru/tests/database_test_case.py
+++ b/server/szurubooru/tests/database_test_case.py
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 import unittest
 import sqlalchemy
-from szurubooru.model import Base
+from szurubooru import db
 
 class DatabaseTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
     def setUp(self):
         engine = sqlalchemy.create_engine('sqlite:///:memory:')
         session_maker = sqlalchemy.orm.sessionmaker(bind=engine)
         self.session = sqlalchemy.orm.scoped_session(session_maker)
-        Base.query = self.session.query_property()
-        Base.metadata.create_all(bind=engine)
+        db.Base.query = self.session.query_property()
+        db.Base.metadata.create_all(bind=engine)
diff --git a/server/szurubooru/tests/services/__init__.py b/server/szurubooru/tests/search/__init__.py
similarity index 100%
rename from server/szurubooru/tests/services/__init__.py
rename to server/szurubooru/tests/search/__init__.py
diff --git a/server/szurubooru/tests/services/search/test_user_search_config.py b/server/szurubooru/tests/search/test_user_search_config.py
similarity index 97%
rename from server/szurubooru/tests/services/search/test_user_search_config.py
rename to server/szurubooru/tests/search/test_user_search_config.py
index 148f79e..f02c693 100644
--- a/server/szurubooru/tests/services/search/test_user_search_config.py
+++ b/server/szurubooru/tests/search/test_user_search_config.py
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 from datetime import datetime
-from szurubooru import errors
-from szurubooru import model
-from szurubooru.services import search
+from szurubooru import db, errors, search
 from szurubooru.tests.database_test_case import DatabaseTestCase
 
 class TestUserSearchExecutor(DatabaseTestCase):
@@ -11,7 +9,7 @@ class TestUserSearchExecutor(DatabaseTestCase):
         self.executor = search.SearchExecutor(self.search_config)
 
     def _create_user(self, name):
-        user = model.User()
+        user = db.User()
         user.name = name
         user.password = 'dummy'
         user.password_salt = 'dummy'
@@ -19,7 +17,7 @@ class TestUserSearchExecutor(DatabaseTestCase):
         user.email = 'dummy'
         user.access_rank = 'dummy'
         user.creation_time = datetime.now()
-        user.avatar_style = model.User.AVATAR_GRAVATAR
+        user.avatar_style = db.User.AVATAR_GRAVATAR
         return user
 
     def _test(self, query, page, expected_count, expected_user_names):
diff --git a/server/szurubooru/tests/services/search/__init__.py b/server/szurubooru/tests/services/search/__init__.py
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29..0000000
diff --git a/server/szurubooru/tests/test_util.py b/server/szurubooru/tests/util/test_misc.py
similarity index 67%
rename from server/szurubooru/tests/test_util.py
rename to server/szurubooru/tests/util/test_misc.py
index 526b97c..171d483 100644
--- a/server/szurubooru/tests/test_util.py
+++ b/server/szurubooru/tests/util/test_misc.py
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 import unittest
 from datetime import datetime
-import szurubooru.util
-from szurubooru.util import parse_time_range
-from szurubooru.errors import ValidationError
+from szurubooru import errors
+from szurubooru.util import misc
 
 class FakeDatetime(datetime):
     @staticmethod
@@ -11,33 +10,33 @@ class FakeDatetime(datetime):
 
 class TestParseTime(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_empty(self):
-        self.assertRaises(ValidationError, parse_time_range, '')
+        self.assertRaises(errors.ValidationError, misc.parse_time_range, '')
 
     def test_today(self):
-        szurubooru.util.datetime.datetime = FakeDatetime
-        date_min, date_max = parse_time_range('today')
+        misc.datetime.datetime = FakeDatetime
+        date_min, date_max = misc.parse_time_range('today')
         self.assertEqual(date_min, datetime(1997, 1, 2, 0, 0, 0))
         self.assertEqual(date_max, datetime(1997, 1, 2, 23, 59, 59))
 
     def test_yesterday(self):
-        szurubooru.util.datetime.datetime = FakeDatetime
-        date_min, date_max = parse_time_range('yesterday')
+        misc.datetime.datetime = FakeDatetime
+        date_min, date_max = misc.parse_time_range('yesterday')
         self.assertEqual(date_min, datetime(1997, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0))
         self.assertEqual(date_max, datetime(1997, 1, 1, 23, 59, 59))
 
     def test_year(self):
-        date_min, date_max = parse_time_range('1999')
+        date_min, date_max = misc.parse_time_range('1999')
         self.assertEqual(date_min, datetime(1999, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0))
         self.assertEqual(date_max, datetime(1999, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59))
 
     def test_month(self):
         for text in ['1999-2', '1999-02']:
-            date_min, date_max = parse_time_range(text)
+            date_min, date_max = misc.parse_time_range(text)
             self.assertEqual(date_min, datetime(1999, 2, 1, 0, 0, 0))
             self.assertEqual(date_max, datetime(1999, 2, 28, 23, 59, 59))
 
     def test_day(self):
         for text in ['1999-2-6', '1999-02-6', '1999-2-06', '1999-02-06']:
-            date_min, date_max = parse_time_range(text)
+            date_min, date_max = misc.parse_time_range(text)
             self.assertEqual(date_min, datetime(1999, 2, 6, 0, 0, 0))
             self.assertEqual(date_max, datetime(1999, 2, 6, 23, 59, 59))
diff --git a/server/szurubooru/util/__init__.py b/server/szurubooru/util/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e0cd4cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/szurubooru/util/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+''' Cool functions. '''
diff --git a/server/szurubooru/util/auth.py b/server/szurubooru/util/auth.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..741e58b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/szurubooru/util/auth.py
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+import hashlib
+import random
+from szurubooru import config
+from szurubooru import errors
+
+def get_password_hash(salt, password):
+    ''' Retrieve new-style password hash. '''
+    digest = hashlib.sha256()
+    digest.update(config.config['basic']['secret'].encode('utf8'))
+    digest.update(salt.encode('utf8'))
+    digest.update(password.encode('utf8'))
+    return digest.hexdigest()
+
+def get_legacy_password_hash(salt, password):
+    ''' Retrieve old-style password hash. '''
+    digest = hashlib.sha1()
+    digest.update(b'1A2/$_4xVa')
+    digest.update(salt.encode('utf8'))
+    digest.update(password.encode('utf8'))
+    return digest.hexdigest()
+
+def create_password():
+    ''' Create an easy-to-remember password. '''
+    alphabet = {
+        'c': list('bcdfghijklmnpqrstvwxyz'),
+        'v': list('aeiou'),
+        'n': list('0123456789'),
+    }
+    pattern = 'cvcvnncvcv'
+    return ''.join(random.choice(alphabet[l]) for l in list(pattern))
+
+def is_valid_password(user, password):
+    ''' Return whether the given password for a given user is valid. '''
+    salt, valid_hash = user.password_salt, user.password_hash
+    possible_hashes = [
+        get_password_hash(salt, password),
+        get_legacy_password_hash(salt, password)
+    ]
+    return valid_hash in possible_hashes
+
+def verify_privilege(user, privilege_name):
+    '''
+    Throw an AuthError if the given user doesn't have given privilege.
+    '''
+    all_ranks = config.config['service']['user_ranks']
+
+    assert privilege_name in config.config['privileges']
+    assert user.access_rank in all_ranks
+    minimal_rank = config.config['privileges'][privilege_name]
+    good_ranks = all_ranks[all_ranks.index(minimal_rank):]
+    if user.access_rank not in good_ranks:
+        raise errors.AuthError('Insufficient privileges to do this.')
+
+def generate_authentication_token(user):
+    ''' Generate nonguessable challenge (e.g. links in password reminder). '''
+    digest = hashlib.sha256()
+    digest.update(config.config['basic']['secret'].encode('utf8'))
+    digest.update(user.password_salt.encode('utf8'))
+    return digest.hexdigest()
diff --git a/server/szurubooru/util/mailer.py b/server/szurubooru/util/mailer.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0f9828c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/szurubooru/util/mailer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+import smtplib
+import email.mime.text
+from szurubooru import config
+
+def send_mail(sender, recipient, subject, body):
+    msg = email.mime.text.MIMEText(body)
+    msg['Subject'] = subject
+    msg['From'] = sender
+    msg['To'] = recipient
+
+    smtp = smtplib.SMTP(
+        config.config['smtp']['host'], int(config.config['smtp']['port']))
+    smtp.login(config.config['smtp']['user'], config.config['smtp']['pass'])
+    smtp.send_message(msg)
+    smtp.quit()
diff --git a/server/szurubooru/util.py b/server/szurubooru/util/misc.py
similarity index 93%
rename from server/szurubooru/util.py
rename to server/szurubooru/util/misc.py
index 9407d37..4095519 100644
--- a/server/szurubooru/util.py
+++ b/server/szurubooru/util/misc.py
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import re
 from szurubooru.errors import ValidationError
 
 def is_valid_email(email):
-    ''' Validates given email address. '''
+    ''' Return whether given email address is valid or empty. '''
     return not email or re.match(r'^[^@]*@[^@]*\.[^@]*$', email)
 
 class dotdict(dict): # pylint: disable=invalid-name
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ class dotdict(dict): # pylint: disable=invalid-name
     __delattr__ = dict.__delitem__
 
 def parse_time_range(value, timezone=datetime.timezone(datetime.timedelta())):
-    ''' Returns tuple containing min/max time for given text representation. '''
+    ''' Return tuple containing min/max time for given text representation. '''
     one_day = datetime.timedelta(days=1)
     one_second = datetime.timedelta(seconds=1)
 
diff --git a/server/szurubooru/util/users.py b/server/szurubooru/util/users.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a51a374
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/szurubooru/util/users.py
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+import re
+from datetime import datetime
+from szurubooru import config, db, errors
+from szurubooru.util import auth, misc
+
+def create_user(name, password, email):
+    ''' Create an user with given parameters and returns it. '''
+    user = db.User()
+    update_name(user, name)
+    update_password(user, password)
+    update_email(user, email)
+    user.access_rank = config.config['service']['default_user_rank']
+    user.creation_time = datetime.now()
+    user.avatar_style = db.User.AVATAR_GRAVATAR
+    return user
+
+def update_name(user, name):
+    ''' Validate and update user's name. '''
+    name = name.strip()
+    name_regex = config.config['service']['user_name_regex']
+    if not re.match(name_regex, name):
+        raise errors.ValidationError(
+            'Name must satisfy regex %r.' % name_regex)
+    user.name = name
+
+def update_password(user, password):
+    ''' Validate and update user's password. '''
+    password_regex = config.config['service']['password_regex']
+    if not re.match(password_regex, password):
+        raise errors.ValidationError(
+            'Password must satisfy regex %r.' % password_regex)
+    user.password_salt = auth.create_password()
+    user.password_hash = auth.get_password_hash(user.password_salt, password)
+
+def update_email(user, email):
+    ''' Validate and update user's email. '''
+    email = email.strip() or None
+    if not misc.is_valid_email(email):
+        raise errors.ValidationError(
+            '%r is not a vaild email address.' % email)
+    user.email = email
+
+def update_rank(user, rank, authenticated_user):
+    rank = rank.strip()
+    available_access_ranks = config.config['service']['user_ranks']
+    if not rank in available_access_ranks:
+        raise errors.ValidationError(
+            'Bad access rank. Valid access ranks: %r' % available_access_ranks)
+    if available_access_ranks.index(authenticated_user.access_rank) \
+            < available_access_ranks.index(rank):
+        raise errors.AuthError('Trying to set higher access rank than one has')
+    user.access_rank = rank
+
+def bump_login_time(user):
+    ''' Update user's login time to current date. '''
+    user.last_login_time = datetime.now()
+
+def reset_password(user):
+    ''' Reset password for an user. '''
+    password = auth.create_password()
+    user.password_salt = auth.create_password()
+    user.password_hash = auth.get_password_hash(user.password_salt, password)
+    return password
+
+def get_by_name(session, name):
+    ''' Retrieve an user by its name. '''
+    return session.query(db.User).filter_by(name=name).first()